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Acute kidney injury, a rapid decline in glomerular filtration, is shown as increase in serum urea and creatinine concentrations and reduction of urine excretion. There are many known causes, but about some we can only assume. Creatine is produced in our bodies and also absorbed from food. So far several studies on the safety of creatine supplementations were published, but

We are introducing pain as a very personal sensation, which is very difficult to define precisely due to its multidimensional nature. Not solely the biological side of sensation, but also the psychological principles, social circumstances, social and economic conditions, and other characteristics were considered for a complete understanding of pain. In medicine it is known as a symptom, syndrome and

Femoral neck fractures are common fractures, appearing on a larger scale in older patients with osteoporosis, accompanying falls from standing heights. Clinical appearance can be typical: pain and a lower limb in external rotation with shorter length (with dislocated fractures). It is important to mobilise the patient as soon as possible, thus avoiding complications due to a longer period of

Bipolar disorder is very prevalent in general population. According to Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth revision – DSM-IV, four types of bipolar disorder are distinguished: bipolar disorder I, bipolar disorder II, cyclothymia, and other types (not specified otherwise). Etiology of disorder is multifactorial with overlap between genetic, environmental and neurobiological factors. Due to complexity of clinical features

Neonatal sepsis is a clinical syndrome that may appear in the first month of life. It is characterized by systemic signs of infection and accompanied by invasion of the bloodstream. Considering the period in which symptoms present, we distinguish between early neonatal sepsis, where clinical signs appear in the first 72 hours of life, and late neonatal sepsis, where clinical

Infections with Aspergillus spp. are most typically associated with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients. However, an increasing number of reports deal with unusual manifestations of invasive aspergillosis. In the lungs, this may take the form of chronic invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, bronchocentric granulomatosis or tracheobronchitis. A number of extrapulmonary infections have been noted, sometimes in immunocompetent individuals. Examples include vertebral

Cardiovascular diseases are still the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed world. Besides well-known classical risk factors for atherosclerosis, more and more intention has in recent years been consecrated to novel, so called non-classical risk factors for atherosclerosis. One of such non-classical risk factors could be vitamin D deficiency, which is highly prevalent and is present in

The Golgi apparatus is a cellular organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. In addition to its participation in protein and lipid glycosylation, the Golgi apparatus also sorts and directs vesicular transport. The number of known diseases related to the Golgi apparatus has significantly increased in last decade because of the developments in genetic analysis and discoveries which showed that glycan