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The spine and the spinal cord receive blood from the network of arterial anastomoses, from the direct or indirect blood vessel connection of the spinal branching system. The anterior and posterior spinal arteries are the main blood vessels, which extend longitudinally along the anteromedial and posterolateral surface of the spinal cord. They are supplied with arterial blood by a number … Preberite več >>

Venous drainage of the spine and the spinal cord is arranged like arteries in a reverse configuration. The vessels have very thin walls and are frequently without valves. The intraspinal longitudinal system is composed of the anterior and posterior spinal veins, extending longitudinally along the middle area of the spinal cord fed by the radiculomedullary or segmental radicular veins. In … Preberite več >>

The wealth of energies around us are detected by receptors transducing the physical stimuli in a train of nerve impulses. These are conducted to the perception centres in the CNS, where they elicit sensory impressions. Receptors of the somatosensory apparatus make sensory processing of tactile sensation, proprioception, pain and thermal sensation possible. The character of sensation is determined by the … Preberite več >>

Cerebral cortex and nuclei in the brain and brain stem trigger and control all human activities. Nerve centres in the central nervous system are directly or indirectly connected with peripheral structures which »translate« nervous impulses into various, more or less manifest activities. Nerve impulses are conducted via nervous pathways which link higher and lower nerve centers and effectors, and constitute … Preberite več >>

Our activities are controlled by nerve tracts, i.e. groups of nerve fibres with the common origin, course and destination. Afferent nerve pathways conveying information to the central nervous system are presented. The exact role of some of them has not yet been definitely determined. Knowledge of the function and anatomy of nerve tracts, enables us to localise various nervous defects.… Preberite več >>

Descent of the testis is presented. Relationship between the gubernaculum, abdominal layers and coverings of the testis during development and after birth are described.… Preberite več >>

Topography and contents of the axil­la and its relations to the neighbouring regions are presented. The axilla is a pyramidal region. Its apex continues into the lateral region of the neck. It provides a passageway for the axillary artery, vein and the brachial plexus. The axilla contains six groups of regional lymph nodes.… Preberite več >>

The article presents some facts about vegetarian diet, its influence on child develop­ment, possible complications and their preven­tion. A vegetarian diet, if properly selected, can meet all the requirements of the growing child. A strictly vegetarian (vegan) diet can cause vi­tamin B₁₂ deficiency with serious neurological and haematological disturbances. To prevent vi­tamin B₁₂ deficiency we should recommend the … Preberite več >>

The topography and structures of the femoral triangle are presented. The femoral trian­gle lies between the inguinal ligament at the base, the sartorius muscle at the lateral border and the long adductor muscle at the medial border. The apex of the femoral triangle is situated at the meeting point of the medial borders of the sarto­rius and long adductor muscles. … Preberite več >>

The authors present the fundamen­tals and some recent data on the human visal pathway obtained by the new imaging tech­niques of the cerebral cortex and non-inva­sive electrophysiological and other methods. Perception of colours and motion is explained in the light of the new findings of parallel par- vocellular (P) and magnocellular (M) pathways. Discrimination of colours is rendered possible by … Preberite več >>

The third phase of the peritoneal cavity development with fusions of peritoneal 
layers is described. The fixation and relations among abdominal organs are presented and compared with the first two phases of the development.… Preberite več >>

The cerebral cortex represents a relatively small part of the central nervous system. It con­tains a prodigious number of cells that lead our behaviour. In a general way, the central sulcus divides the cerebral cortex into a cerebral receptive portion and an anterior part related to motor function. Association areas interconnect cortical regions. Different cortices differ in arrangement, type and … Preberite več >>