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Breast milk is the ideal source of nutrition for newborns and infants because of its composition which is adapted to the child’s needs. It also provides a wide range of health, psychosocial, economic, and environmental benefits. The World Health Organization therefore recommends exclusive breastfeeding until 6 months of age. There are no doubts in favourable effects of breastfeeding. Therefore, it is important that all health professionals know enough about breastfeeding, which would allow them to actively participate in its promotion. Increasing proportion of breastfeeding in the population undoubtedly improves short- and long-term health of the population. In this article, we provide a comprehensive overview of existing knowledge about the importance of breastfeeding. Moreover, we present the physiology of lactation, milk composition, limitations of breastfeeding, and the importance of milk banks. The article can help medical students in studying paediatrics as well as health care professionals in quick revision of knowledge about breastfeeding