In recent years there has been a grow­ing interest in Alzheimer’s disease around the world. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly population. The research of this disease began in the begin­ning of the century, but its etiopathogenesis hasn’t been resolved yet. Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease and an amyloi­dosis. The pathologic hallmark of the disease is the presence of numerous characteristic but nonspecific lesions, senile plaques and neu­rofibrillary tangles in various areas of the brain cortex. Neurofibrillary tangles are a part of so-called »neurofibrillary pathology«, which means the appearance of abnormal filaments (paired helical filaments and straight filaments) in the neuronal cells. These abnormal filaments are not only found in the perikarya of neuronal cells but also in the dystrophic neurites in senile plaques and in the fragmented fibers in the neuropile. The other characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease is the deposition of a special type of amyloid – amy­loid 3 in the center of the senile plaques. The pathogenesis of senile plaques and neurofibril­lary tangles in Alzheimer’s disease is still under investigation. There is no effective treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. In the newest studies the effectiveness of various neurotrophic growth factors has been tested. The results of some experiments are quite promising.