Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody vasculitis is a vasculitis of small vessels and can cause damage to many organs, most commonly the kidneys, upper and lower respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, skin, and…

Familial hypercholesterolemia is a common genetic disorder. It is characterised by high cholesterol levels and early cardiovascular disease. With systematic biochemical testing in children, we can establish an early diagnosis…

The main role of parathyroid glands is regulation of calcium serum concentration by producing and secreting a peptide hormone named parathormone. Parathormone increases serum calcium level through the effects on…

Emergency operations due to sudden malignant obstruction of the left colon are associated with higher postoperative mortality and morbidity in comparison to elective operations. Opinions on the optimal surgical management…

Hypopituitarism refers to decreased secretion of anterior pituitary hormones. A rare cause of hypopituitarism is a condition known as Sheehan’s syndrome in which hypopituitarism is caused by ischemic necrosis of…

The number of people, including recreational athletes, taking part in long running or cycling events is increasing. Research has shown that as many as 30–90% of athletes have experienced at…

Pilonidal sinus is a disease which typically affects young adults. The treatment of the disease is difficult; despite the numerous approaches the recurrence rate is high, which leads to a…

Catamenial pneumothorax is a rare form of spontaneous pneumothorax that repeatedly occurs in women of reproductive age. The exact epidemiology and pathogenesis of the disease are not completely known. Videothoracoscopy…

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with worse outcomes after cardiac surgery. It is known that even milder degrees of AKI detected as a small increase in serum creatinine occur…

Patent foramen ovale is the most frequent remnant of normal fetal communication between the atria in adult population. In most cases, it is clinically silent and therefore detected incidentally, however,…

Management of aortic pathology was surgical and invasive until late 1980s. Stent grafts considerably lowered the invasiveness of the procedure for patients, suitable for endovascular management. Today, endovascular management of…

Percutaneous transthoracic needle biopsy and transthoracic radiofrequency ablation are interventional procedures, which represent an important alternative to more invasive surgical approaches in the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary lesions. One…

Disorders of peripheral nerves are usually diagnosed by neurological examination and electrodiagnostic methods. However, we can investigate peripheral nerves also by imaging methods, particularly by ultrasonography. During ultrasonographic examination we…

Eisenmenger syndrome is a clinical syndrome that develops as a consequence of advanced pulmonary arterial hypertension in a small number of patients with congenital heart disease and left-to- right shunts.…

Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) are mesenchymal tumours of the gastrointestinal tract. They are rare and represent about 1% of all malignancies in this area. They can occur anywhere in the…

Aortic stenosis is the most common structural disease of the heart. The second most common heart surgery is treatment of aortic stenosis by replacing the aortic valve with a prosthetic…

Acute pancreatitis is an unpredictable disease with a range of clinical courses. It is one of the most common diseases of the gastrointestinal tract with increasing annual worldwide incidence. The…

Polycystic ovary syndrome is a common endocrine disorder which affects 15–20% of women in reproductive age. It is characterised by disturbances in the menstrual cycle and hyperandrogenism. These women are…

The pulmonary valve separates the right ventricle outflow tract from the pulmonary artery and prevents deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary artery to return into the right ventricle. The pulmonary valve…

The autonomic nervous system plays an important role in various pathological situations such as myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure or diabetic neuropathy and is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of…

Tests of functional and structural properties of arteries are becoming clinically more and more relevant. Numerous non-invasive methods for assessing endothelial function and arterial stiffness have been developed, many of…

IgA nephropathy is the most common primary glomerulonephritis in adults and a common cause of end-stage renal failure. The understanding of the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy has evolved importantly in…

Regular intensive physical exertion results in physiological cardiac adaptations named athlete's heart. Adaptations are functional and structural and depend on intensity and type of exercise, age, sex, body surface area,…

BACKGROUNDS. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and breast cancer are common diseases in the developed world which share certain risk factors. There are several possible pathophysiological mechanisms which could explain…