The spine and the spinal cord receive blood from the network of arterial anastomoses, from the direct or indirect blood vessel connection of the spinal branching system. The anterior and…

Venous drainage of the spine and the spinal cord is arranged like arteries in a reverse configuration. The vessels have very thin walls and are frequently without valves. The intraspinal…

Functional anatomy of the liver is based on three-dimensional arrangement of four liver systems – portal, arterial, biliary and the system of hepatic veins. On the basis of the intrahepatic…

In the article, the surface and the internal structures of the lungs are explained and illustrated, as well as their topographic relations. The courses of the parietal pleura, pleural recesses…

The wealth of energies around us are detected by receptors transducing the physical stimuli in a train of nerve impulses. These are conducted to the perception centres in the CNS,…

Cerebral cortex and nuclei in the brain and brain stem trigger and control all human activities. Nerve centres in the central nervous system are directly or indirectly connected with peripheral…

Our activities are controlled by nerve tracts, i.e. groups of nerve fibres with the common origin, course and destination. Afferent nerve pathways conveying information to the central nervous system are…

The alimentary canal is a series of hollow organs whose common task is to accept and digest food. The first parts of the digestive tube, the oral cavity and the…

Descent of the testis is presented. Relationship between the gubernaculum, abdominal layers and coverings of the testis during development and after birth are described.

Topography and contents of the axil­la and its relations to the neighbouring regions are presented. The axilla is a pyramidal region. Its apex continues into the lateral region of the…

The article presents some facts about vegetarian diet, its influence on child develop­ment, possible complications and their preven­tion. A vegetarian diet, if properly selected, can meet all the requirements of…

The topography and structures of the femoral triangle are presented. The femoral trian­gle lies between the inguinal ligament at the base, the sartorius muscle at the lateral border and the…

The authors present the fundamen­tals and some recent data on the human visal pathway obtained by the new imaging tech­niques of the cerebral cortex and non-inva­sive electrophysiological and other methods.…

The kidney is a paired organ that is positioned on the lumbocostal triangle of the diaphragm and on the posterior abdominal wall muscles, outside of the peritoneal cavity and within…

The third phase of the peritoneal cavity development with fusions of peritoneal 
layers is described. The fixation and relations among abdominal organs are presented and compared with the first two…

The cerebral cortex represents a relatively small part of the central nervous system. It con­tains a prodigious number of cells that lead our behaviour. In a general way, the central…

Two early phases of peritoneal cavity
 development are described: the primitive midline arrangement and shifts of viscera with their
mesenteries. The importance of these phases for the abdominal situs is presented.

Topography, contents and some clinical problems of the popliteal fossa are presented. The popliteal fossa is a rhomboid-shaped intermuscular space situated at the back of the knee. It contains the popliteal…

The pathology of the anorectum is rich. Evaluation of some symptoms frequently associa­ted with diseases of the anus and rectum is presented. The general principles of history taking and digitorectal…

Bursa omentalis (lesser sac) is a vertical peritoneal cavity behind the stomach. It commu­nicates with the main peritoneal cavity (greater sac) through the foramen omentale, an opening located under the…

In addition to animal experiments, digital and analogue simulations are also used in med­ical research as well in medical education. In this way, various physiological systems can be studied and,…

The main features of functional anato­my, physiology, pathophysiology and coronary angiography are presented and the clinical importance of coronary artery collaterals in pa­tients with ischemic heart disease is discussed. Coronary…