The development of the spinal cord vascular system, vasculogenesis and later on angiogenesis, is influenced by various factors. The developmental process of arterial and venous system of the spinal cord…

Malignant melanoma is an unpredictable, aggressive disease with the fastest growing incidence among all cancers. Its high metastatic potential and tendency to relapse are poorly prevented by existing systemic therapy.…

Choanal atresia is a rare congenital malformation which occurs in every 5000 to 8000 live newborns. Clinically, it may present as an isolated form or in association with other malformations. In…

The author presents the bone biopsy: indications for the procedure, laboratory treatment of the sample and bioptic histological pictures of major metabolic bone diseases. Bone biopsy retains the most important…

The eye and, the sensory organ for vision, develops from the sensory placodes in the ectodermal germ layer like the other sense organs, in response to induction from the central…

Digestive system arises from the primitive endodermally lined gut tube, which is bounded cranially by the oropharyngeal membrane and caudally by the cloacal membrane. The gut is divided into foregut,…

The cardiovascular system is the first major organ system that develops and starts functio­ning in a growing embryo, because diffusion alone can no longer supply it with enough oxygen and…

Distinguishing between motor and sensory fascicles is essential to successful peripheral nerve reconstruction. Acetyltiocholine staining methods based on the Karnovsky procedure have been increasingly used for the purpose. Our aim…

An image is a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional object. Images obtained by physical or optic sectioning can be used for stereological analysis, while those resulting from projection from the…

Barrett's esophagus is precancerous condition in which metaplastic change from squamous to glandular epithelium of distal tubular esophagus is encountered, as a result of chronic gas­troesophageal reflux disease. Adenocarcinoma arises…

The ear consists of three parts that have different origins, but function as one unit. The inter­nal ear originates from the otic vesicle, which is detached from surface ectoderm during…

The placenta is crucial for fetal survival, growth and development. After the baby has been born the role of the placenta is finished, however, it is essential that delivering physician…

Langerhans cells are part of the widely distributed antigen-presenting cells known as den­dritic cells with a key role in immune responses. These specialised bone marrow-derived cells were originally found in…

Apoptosis, named as programmed cell death, represents one form of cell death and has a crucial role in the tissue homeostasis. Be­sides this, apoptosis is involved in a number of…

The author presents embryological development of the musculoskeletal system and the skin. Although they are basically both mesodermal in origin, the article emphasises the ectoder­mal origin of head bones, certain…

The intermediate mesoderm gives rise to the kidney. Three pairs of kidney make an appear­ance in succession during development: pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros or permanent kidneys. Permanent kidneys develop from…

The third phase of the peritoneal cavity development with fusions of peritoneal 
layers is described. The fixation and relations among abdominal organs are presented and compared with the first two…

The cerebral cortex represents a relatively small part of the central nervous system. It con­tains a prodigious number of cells that lead our behaviour. In a general way, the central…

Two early phases of peritoneal cavity
 development are described: the primitive midline arrangement and shifts of viscera with their
mesenteries. The importance of these phases for the abdominal situs is presented.

The notochord and para-axial mesoderm induce the overlying ectoderm to differentiate into the neural plate. Formation of the neural tube begins in the fourth week, when the walls of the…

The intermediate mesoderm gives rise to the kidney. Three pairs of kidney make an appear­ance in succession during development: pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros or permanent kidneys. Permanent kidneys develop from…

With each somatic cell division, the chromosomal ends, or telomeres, progressively short­en. Critically shortened telomeres are recognised by DNA repair systems as DNA damage, the cells are withdrawn from the…

In the breast biopsy analysis we are frequently encounter with normal histological pictures of the breast tissue. Breast tissue has wide spectrum of »normal histology« in relation to phase of menstrual cycle and…

Human embryology is the science dealing with the development of the embryo and fetus from fertilization to birth. Development begins with fertilization, the process by which the male gamete, the…