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Children with mental retardation con­stitute a group with special medical needs. There are several hundred known etiological (mostly biomedical) factors, that can influence the development of a child’s brain. We experi­ence the changes in their prevalence rates, mainly because of improvements in health care. There is more than one etiological factor present in more than half of mentally retarded children. We are recognizing the role of psychosocial factors in development of borderline and mild mental retardation and the influence of per­sonal characteristics, accompanying mental and somatic illnesses on the child’s overall men­tal development. The objective today is to help children with individually adapted assistance, which enables them to remain in their domes­tic environment and improves their social skills.