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This review article presents the incidence of nephrolithiasis in children. Although nephrolithi­asis in children is a rare disease, it is very important to diagnose, as it can lead to chronic renal insufficiency. The diverse clinical picture and etiology of nephrolithiasis are also dis­cussed. It is stressed that the etiology of nephrolithiasis in children is a very complex process which includes many closely intertwined factors. The most common cause of nephrolithia­sis in children is a metabolic disturbance, which necessitates proper investigation. The article also includes a description of morphologic and laboratory studies, treatment and prognosis, as well as recommendations for appropriate follow-up of these children.