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The paper outlines the fundamentals of morphology and the function of microcirculation, and presents the physiological and pathophysiological aspects of microcirculation. Changes in microcirculation due to hypoxia resulting from involvement of great arteries are described in detail. In conclusion, the author underlines the importance of good knowledge of microcirculation, which is essential for estimating the probability of survival tissues in various vascular diseases, and for selecting proper treatment in each particular case.