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An image is a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional object. Images obtained by physical or optic sectioning can be used for stereological analysis, while those resulting from projection from the surface of the object or from various levels inside the object can be analyzed only astereologically. Stereology is a system of multidisciplinary methods fpr quantitative analysis of a three-dimensional sections … Preberite več >>

Positron emission tomography is a noninvasive research technique used in medicine to measure the three-dimensional distribution of the biologically active substances, marked with a positron emitter in the living body. Positron emission tomography provides information about function of the tissue and not solely about its morphology, and is thus complementary to computer tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Its basic principle … Preberite več >>

Mammography – a method of radiological imaging of the breast is described, giving details on the equipment, technique and technical requirements for mammography proposed by the European Community. Indications and contradictions for the investigation are discussed.… Preberite več >>

Vascular stent prosthesis is a specially designed metal coil or mesh which supports the inner vascular wall, thus providing normal blood flow. The objective of the study was three-fold: to evaluate clinical results of intravascular implantation, to establish the frequency of early and late complications, and to determine the measures which should be taken to prevent those complications, and to … Preberite več >>

In critically ill patients, it is often impossible to transport them to the radiology department. 169 For this reason, they are regularly examined in bed, using a movable X-ray device. This tech­nique has its own specific features which the physician should be familiar with in order to be able to cooperate with the radiographer in the imaging procedure. It is … Preberite več >>

The most important aspects of radiological diagnosis of acute cervical spine injuries (ACSI) below the level of C2 are presented. The major task of the radiologist is to determine, as soon as possible, the type, the extent, the level, and especially the clinical significance of the injury, i.e. to find out whether it is stable or unstable. The basis for … Preberite več >>

Radiographic analysis of the mediastinum is challenging. Excellent knowledge of mediasti­nal anatomy and borders between individual mediastinal structures and the adjacent lungs is necessary in order to make analysis findings helpful to clinicians. Chest radiography is the first-step imaging method for analysis of the mediastinum. On chest x-rays, the mediastinum can be compared to a white box whose important contents, … Preberite več >>

Doppler ultrasound examination is employed for estimating the presence, quality and quantity of blood flow. The physical principles of Doppler ultrasound apparatus and the parameters involved in the ultrasound examination are presented. The author describes the method of displaying blood flow and outlines some other determinations, especially the quantification of blood flow with volume measurement and sonogram analysis. The limitations, … Preberite več >>