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Malignant tumors are the second most common cause of death in children under 15 years, after injuries. While cancer of the epithelial origin is most common in adults, leukemia and embryonal tumors of mesenchymal tissue occur most frequently in children. The fact that the latter respond better to chemotherapy and that the bone marrow of children regenerates mor easily, account for better results of cancer treatment in children. The cure rate of certain malignant tumor, such as Wilms’ tumor, in children is approximately 90 %. Therefore, the goal of treatment should be, rather than cure alone, to minimize harmful effects of therapy and provide a good quality life. Regular follow-up after the completion of treatment allows the physician to recognize late effects of disease and therapy, and thus enables him to take effective preventive measures.