Renal injury can lead to acute (AKD) or chronic kidney disease (CKD). The presence, progress and distinction between AKD and CKD can be determined by monitoring serum creatinine and BUN…

The authors discuss the fundamentals of the pathological and pathophysiological processes 41 in coronary arteries that lead to acute coronary syndrome.

Acids are donors, while bases are acceptors of protons in solutions. Many various acids and bases are incorporated into organisms by everyday alimentation and cell metabolism, whi­le the output routes…

This review presents the role of insulin in the regulation of blood pressure, lipid and 
protein metabolism, body weight and transmembraneous transport of sodium, magnesium and calcium. Insulin resistance may…

Diabetes mellitus can be explained
 pathophysiologically as a disorder impairing 
mechanisms responsible for normoglycemia. In
 the first part of the paper, entitled "Mechanisms
 underlying preservation of normoglycemia" these mechanisms are…

By using the voltage-clamp method we 
can record the end-plate current which reflects
 changes in the conductance of the subsynaptic
membrane during neuromuscular transmission. The classic (plain) voltage-clamp method shows 
some…

The paper presents the voltage-clamp
 method used for measuring electrical current
 passing the cell membrane and for calculating 
its conductance. The basic principles of this 
technique are described, as well…

Modeling is a method used for analysis of response characteristic of various systems, which helps medical students understands the fundamentals of "in vivo" systems. The electrical model of blood circulation…

Dynamic compression of the airways is a phenomenon strongly influencing the results of dynamic tests of pulmonary ventilation and limiting expiration in obstructive pulmonary diseases. Theoretical principles are presented on…

Benign prostatic hyperplasia is the most common benign neoplasia in men over 60 years of age, while prostate cancer affects 15 to 30% of men between 50 and 70 years…

Vasa vasorum (»vessels of the vessel«) are arterioles, capillaries and venules that nourish large arteries and veins. They are derived either from the main blood vessel itself in the case…

In addition to animal experiments, digital and analogue simulations are also used in med­ical research as well in medical education. In this way, various physiological systems can be studied and,…

The main features of functional anato­my, physiology, pathophysiology and coronary angiography are presented and the clinical importance of coronary artery collaterals in pa­tients with ischemic heart disease is discussed. Coronary…

During the Si.mobil Ski Everest 2000 expedition the hypothesis that hypoxia affects temperature perception was tested. Subjects (N = 5), all members of the expedition, provided subjective ratings of temperature…