The intermediate mesoderm gives rise to the kidney. Three pairs of kidney make an appear­ance in succession during development: pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros or permanent kidneys. Permanent kidneys develop from…

The kidney is a paired organ that is positioned on the lumbocostal triangle of the diaphragm and on the posterior abdominal wall muscles, outside of the peritoneal cavity and within…

The objective of taking occupational history is for occupational medicine practitioners to find out about the relevant factors from the patient's work environment which may have a detri­mental effect on…

Cholesterol embolism is a clinical syndrome in which cholesterol crystals break from an athero­matous plaque in a larger artery and occlude the lumen of small peripheral arteries. It com­monly occurs…

Hypereosinophilic syndrome represents a range of rare and heterogeneous disorders shar­ing three features: peripheral eosinophil count higher than 1.5 x 109/L for over 6 months, evi­dence of organ involvement and…

The beginnings of outpatient surgical activities performed under general anesthesia date back to the early years of the twentieth century. In the 1980's, interest in this activity was revived also…

Almost 20% of patients who consult their family physicians, present with physically unexplained symptoms. Diagnostic clues include multiple unexplained symptoms, usually in different organic systems, unclear symptoms, high health care…

In the beginning of the century a new percutaneous metod has evolved in treatment of carotid artery stenosis as an alternative to the carotid endarterectomy. First trials showed promis­ing results…

Urinary incontinence is a highly prevalent condition that can represent a significant emotional, social and psychological burden for the affected woman. It is one of the most common health problems…

Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory disease, which is estimated to affect 2.5% of the world's po­pulation. Clinically it is characterized by thickened, silvery white, scaly plaques, that can produce considerable…

Experiments and theoretical studies are presented that have led to the hypothesis of a sub­jacent pool of membranous nanostructures representing cell infrastructure.

Metastatic malignant neoplasms are the most common form of secondary lung tumors. These are neoplastic lesions originating at a site that is distinct from the primary lesion. Due to the…

Prejudice about people with severe mental illness is a major obstacle to high-quality men­tal health care. The reasons for stigmatization are lack of information, outdated information about the causes and…

Postpartum depression largely develops during the first six months following delivery. Its world-wide prevalence is between 3 and 33%, depending on the diagnostic methods and criteria. An attempt was made…

The postpartum period is a time of rapid and fundamental biological, psychological and social changes, which can precipitate various psychiatric disorders in women. The aim of this study was to…

The protozoon parasite Cryptosporidium is a pathogen that infects humans and animals. It causes cryptosporidiosis, which results in an acute or chronic diarrhea. The infectious agents of this parasite are…

Irritable bowel syndrome is one of the most common medical conditions diagnosed today. It is a chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder that affects all aspects of the patient's daily life. It…

Electroporation is a phenomenon during which exposure of a cell to an electric field results in a significant increase in its membrane permeability. Reversible electroporation is widely used for internalisation of various…

The coronary and carotid arterial beds are affected early in the process of atheroscle­rosis. Morphologic changes of arterial walls can be easily detected using B-mode ultrasound method. This technique enables…

This article deals with electrophysio­logical characteristics of the long sensory tracts and the interneuronic system of the spinal cord in patients operated on the spinal cord. Spinal somatosensory evoked potentials…

The authors report on a patient with normal ECG findings, who had a complete atrioventricular block caused by cough-induced complete atrioventricular block. Carotid sinus massage did not produce asystolia. The…

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is an in vitro method which uses enzymatic synthesis to amplify, in an exponential manner, specific DNA or RNA sequences. Although it has been available…

This article deals with the breathing function in patients with muscular and neuromuscular diseases. Described are the consequences of weakened respiratory muscles, such as abnormal values of pulmonary function tests,…

In the article are described some key mechanisms, used by an immune system to distinguish a tumor cell from a normal, healthy cell. According to bulk of the literature in…