The protozoon parasite Cryptosporidium is a pathogen that infects humans and animals. It causes cryptosporidiosis, which results in an acute or chronic diarrhea. The infectious agents of this parasite are…

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is an in vitro method which uses enzymatic synthesis to amplify, in an exponential manner, specific DNA or RNA sequences. Although it has been available…

In the article are described some key mechanisms, used by an immune system to distinguish a tumor cell from a normal, healthy cell. According to bulk of the literature in…

The paper describes new views on hepatitis A, a new classification of hepatitis A virus, its epidemiology, clinical picture, treatment and prevention, passive immunization and recently introduced active immunization with…

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a Gram negative diplococcus the cause of sexually transmitted dis­ease gonorrhea. It is transmitted through a promiscuous intercourse, from infected mother to the newborn and from one…

With each somatic cell division, the chromosomal ends, or telomeres, progressively short­en. Critically shortened telomeres are recognised by DNA repair systems as DNA damage, the cells are withdrawn from the…

The paper gives a historical review of
 the discovery and further studies of Helicobacter pylori. This bacteria causes chronic antral
gastritis, as well as duodenal and gastric ulcer 
disease found in…

Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is a lymphokine synthesized and secreted by lymphocytes T. Two stimuli are needed for this process: one is antigenic or mitogenic, and another is triggered by a…

The first human tumour virus, virus Epstein-Barr, was discovered in 1964 in Burkitt's lym­phoma cells. Oncogenic viruses are important for two main reasons. Firstly, approximately 15% of human cancer incidence…

The mouth is the door through which a variety of microorganisms can enter the ali­mentary and respiratory systems. Normally, infection of the oral cavity is prevented by the mucosal barrier…

Immune interventions were introduced in the treatment of human cancer about 100 years ago. Thanks to the development of mon­oclonal antibodies and molecular gene tech­nology during the past 15 years,…