IgA nephropathy is the most common primary glomerulonephritis in adults and a common cause of end-stage renal failure. The understanding of the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy has evolved importantly in…

Acute intermittent porphyria is a rare inherited disease that is caused by the deficiency of one of the enzymes in the heme synthesis chain. Together with the accelerated metabolism of…

Regular intensive physical exertion results in physiological cardiac adaptations named athlete's heart. Adaptations are functional and structural and depend on intensity and type of exercise, age, sex, body surface area,…

Parkinson's disease is traditionally regarded as a movement disorder caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal system. However, we are becoming more and more aware that pathology…

Cerebral venous thrombosis is a rare but serious neurologic disorder manifested clinically with headache, focal neurological deficits, seizures, impairment of consciousness and papilledema. Causes and predisposing factors include local conditions…

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome is a congenital heart defect where only right ventricle remains functionally unimpaired. Soon after birth, the newborns become severely ill with cardiorespiratory collapse which is followed…

Modern medicine considers somatic illness and health as two parts of a biopsychosocial whole, while the systemic paradigm also includes the family context of the somatic illness and health. Attachment…

The interpretation of the electroencephalographic signal is often limited to the assumption  that the electrode placed directly above the source of the signal detects the largest potential, whereas more distant…

Tissue engineering as a relatively new field of regenerative medicine has already gone through early developmental stages in a way that it already gives some clinical results. In essence, tissue…

BACKGROUNDS. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and breast cancer are common diseases in the developed world which share certain risk factors. There are several possible pathophysiological mechanisms which could explain…