The pathology of the anorectum is rich. Evaluation of some symptoms frequently associa­ted with diseases of the anus and rectum is presented. The general principles of history taking and digitorectal…

A family practitioner gets involved in a relationship with a terminally ill patient sooner or later. In that life period, his role is extremely important, since the patient and his…

Proteinopathies are protein deposition diseases caused by misfolded proteins. Molecules of misfolded proteins are prone to aggregate and damage the tissue, and eventually they may kill the patient if a…

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is a hormone system that is vital for the regula­tion of arterial blood pressure, electrolyte balance and extracellular fluid volume in the body. Since the discovery of…

The development of neonatology in the past years has led to the survival of extremely preterm neonates. Early and late consequences for the child represent a huge public health problem.…

Background: Long term consequences for very preterm newborn may be serious and for this reason very preterm delivery (VPTD) has been recognised as one of the main problems of public…

Bursa omentalis (lesser sac) is a vertical peritoneal cavity behind the stomach. It commu­nicates with the main peritoneal cavity (greater sac) through the foramen omentale, an opening located under the…

Second generation antipsychotics are currently the drugs of choice for the treatment of schiz­ophrenia and bipolar mania, as well as for behavioural symptoms in patients with dementia. All these diseases…

Cholinesterases are involved in terminating nerve impulses in the central nervous system and at the periphery. The high enzyme concentration at the cholinergic synapses is achieved by oligomerization on an…

For normal function brain requires proper supply of oxygen and glucose in a timely and local manner. This is achieved through intercellular communications, a process known as nerovascular coupling. At…

High-voltage, nanosecond electric pulses (of a few to a hundred nanoseconds duration and electric field strength of a few ten kV/cm) are generated by a Blumlein generator. Such pulses induce…

Desmosomes are the strongest cell junctions. They are especially abundant in tissues such as the epithelium and the cardiac muscle, which are subject to mechanical stress. A desmosome consists of…

The popliteal cyst (Baker's cyst, gastrocnemio-semimembranosus bursa) is the most common etiology of a soft-tissue mass in the popliteal fossa. The cyst is lined with a synovial mem­brane and linked…

Small amounts of alcohol consumption are associated with a decrease in the incidence of coro­nary artery disease and total mortality, whereas with higher alcohol consumption an increase in total and…

This review article deals with the problems of care of people with at least two chronic dis­eases, which is the definition of multimorbidity. Growing population of older people and better health…

A two-dimensional gel electrophoresis is one of the basic techniques of proteomics. It is used to separate proteins. As already hinted by the name, we are using the method to…

Avascular hip necrosis is a disease which occurs as the consequence of ishemia of a part of the femoral head. Ishemia most often occurs on the most burdened part of…

Over the past decade, the operative treatment of heart disease has made great progress. Developments like the port access surgery and robot telemanipulation system have not only revolutionized the field…

Aortic dissection is a relatively rare but life-threatening disease, characterized by a forma­tion of a tear in the aortic wall. Any part of aorta can be affected, most commonly ascending…

BACKGROUND: So far the ontogenesis of the rest-activity rhythm and melatonin excretion rhythm in infants have been treated separately and no direct correlation between them in the first six months…

Cytopathologic examination is a diagnostic method which encompasses light-microscopic exam­ination of cells that exfoliate spontaneously from body surfaces or are obtained through various diagnostic procedures. Basic diagnostic evaluation of a…

Benign prostatic hyperplasia is the most common benign neoplasia in men over 60 years of age, while prostate cancer affects 15 to 30% of men between 50 and 70 years…

Pregnancy is associated with substantial cardiocirculatory changes that contribute to greater morbidity and mortality in women with underlying heart disease. An understanding of cardiovascular physiology during pregnancy is vital for proper…

Vasa vasorum (»vessels of the vessel«) are arterioles, capillaries and venules that nourish large arteries and veins. They are derived either from the main blood vessel itself in the case…