The dose of hormones in nwe low-dose hormonal contraceptive pills is ten times lower than in the first contraceptives used in early sixties. Adverse side-effects which for the most part…

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a gastrointestinal disease of unknown etiology, which usually lasts a lifetime. It is characterized by a chronic course with frequent flares and inter­mediate periods of…

Gastric and duodenal peptic ulcers are among the most frequent diseases of mankind. Etiological causes for deep gastric and duodenal mucosal lesions are heterogeneous, and among them Helicobacter pylori infection…

Acute respiratory infections are the leading cause of morbidity in children. They account for 50-60% of children's first visits to the doctor. Viruses (in more than 90%) and bacteria are…

Diarrhea is one of the most common diseases for which patients seek medical help. Most (more than 90%) cases of acute diarrhea are caused by enteropathogenic bacteria, viruses or pa­rasites.…

Combined intravenous anesthesia involves the use of several agents given in low doses with the aim of avoiding adverse high dose-related effects of these agents. Narcotics, analgesics, and relaxants are…

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional bowel disorder characterized by abdominal pain or discomfort with altered frequency of defecation and stool consistency. Some people with IBS also experience urgency…

Celiac disease is a systemic disease with autoimmune inflammatory response triggered by gluten in genetically susceptible individuals. It is more prevalent than previously thought and may appear at any age.…

Abdominal pain is a common presentation in outpatient settings and is challenging to diag­nose. As the physician of the first contact, the family physician should be able to recognize life-threatening…

The article shows a histopathological review of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the associated neoplasia. Its etiology is still not well defined and it involves genetic susceptibility, abnormalities in the…

Helicobacter pylori, a spiral shaped pathogenic bacterium, was first isolated by Barry Warren and Robin Marshall about 20 years ago, earning them a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in…

Barrett's esophagus is precancerous condition in which metaplastic change from squamous to glandular epithelium of distal tubular esophagus is encountered, as a result of chronic gas­troesophageal reflux disease. Adenocarcinoma arises…

Nutrient, vitamin and mineral assimilation, along with water and electrolyte absorption, plays an important role in sustaining life. Unfortunately, all too often, a disease points out the impor­tance of these…

The food that we ingest travels from the mouth to the anus. Along this route, the composi­tion of the luminal content changes significantly, since some of the constituents are removed…

The alimentary canal is a series of hollow organs whose common task is to accept and digest food. The first parts of the digestive tube, the oral cavity and the…

Since times long past, alcohol has accompanied humankind, bringing both sunny and sha­dowy moments. The oldest and most celebrated form is wine, which throughout its legen­dary history has served as…

Chronic exertional compartment syndrome can occur in all body parts in which compart­ments can be found. Most frequently, it emerges in the lower leg (95%) in athletes, in whom running…

Radiotherapy has long been used in conjunction with classical neurosurgery as a treatment option for benign and malignant tumours, as well as for intracranial lesions. The three pos­sible modalities include…

Auditory perception is prone to disturbances on various levels. The article deals with those usually encountered in patients with mental disorders, auditory hallucinations being the most frequent. The article also…

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide. It evolves through several stages of precancerous lesions and can therefore be prevented by means of organi­zed screening program.…

Cervical cancer evolves through several stages of precancerous lesions and can therefore be prevented by means of organized screening program and effective treatment of precance­rous lesions. Persistent infection with high-risk…

Melatonin is the main secretory product of the pineal gland of all mammals, including humans. Functionally, melatonin has been linked to the strengthening of circadian rhythms, regula- 67 tion of…

This review article presents the incidence of nephrolithiasis in children. Although nephrolithi­asis in children is a rare disease, it is very important to diagnose, as it can lead to chronic renal…

The ear consists of three parts that have different origins, but function as one unit. The inter­nal ear originates from the otic vesicle, which is detached from surface ectoderm during…