BACKGROUNDS. Lyme borreliosis is a disease which affects many organ systems. It is tran­smitted by ticks and caused by the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Borrelial lymphocy­toma is a clinical…

The purpose of student research is to acquire technical skills in the field of scientific research. Becoming familiar with research techniques has always attracted students at the Faculty of Medicine,…

Functional voice disorder is the commonest cause of dysphonia as it leads to the development of vocal fold nodules. They develop because of voice misuse, overuse and/or abuse. An otorhinolaryngologist…

Long-term alcohol consumption is the leading cause of a nonischemic, dilated cardiomyo­pathy or alcoholic cardiomyopathy in western world. We presented a patient with heart fai­lure after long term alcohol abuse.…

The six-minute walk test is performed to measure the total distance walked by a patient in six minutes. It is used in patients with moderate to severe heart or lung…

In the past few years, there have been many publications about physical activity in relation to autonomic control of the cardiovascular system and its adaptation. Some of the many artic­les…

Metatarsal fractures are relatively common and if malunited, they may be a frequent sour­ce of pain and disability. Nondisplaced fractures and fractures of the second to fourth meta­tarsal with displacement…

Elderly represent a large and increasing segment of the population worldwide. Susceptibi­lity to infection in this period of life is substantially increased. The reasons for more frequent infections include impairment…

More than 50 years have passed from the developmental phase of ovulation induction. During this period, new medications have been introduced and new protocols and dosages have been established, but…

Lateral redistribution of molecules in cell membrane may result in budding and shedding of vesicles smaller than micrometer, called microvesicles. Microvesicles reflect in their cha­racteristics the state and type of…

BACKGROUNDS. Chewing is a cyclic mandibular movement on the functional teeth surfaces that prepares the bolus for swallowing with the help of the related nerves, muscles and soft tissues in…

Nephrotic syndrome is among the most common kidney diseases in children and it occurs as a result of damage to the glomerular filtration barrier. It is characterized by edema, nephrot­ic…

Traumatic pneumomediastinum is usually caused by severe thoracic injury, resulting in blunt or penetrating neck, chest or abdominal trauma. Subcutaneous emphysema of the neck and pneumomediastinum following facial trauma in…

Autophagy is a catabolic process of the degradation of cellular components by lysosomal enzymes. It is essential for cellular homeostasis by maintaining the balance between the syn­thesis, degradation and turnover…

The spread of metastases from a primary site through blood or the lymphatic system, which results in the establishment of secondary tumors in distant locations, is the main cause of…

Tight junctions comprise a crucial part of epithelial barriers by forming a molecular pore like structure that encircles the apex of individual cells. They control the passage of small molecules…

Almost half of the musicians are confronted with playing-related health problems. The char­acteristics of an individual performer and the type of musical instrument played determine the musician's health problems. These…

Bioterrorism is an attack on the health of the general population through an artificially induced epidemic of bacterial infectious diseases such as anthrax, plague, cholera, tularemia, brucellosis or botulism, and…

The cytopathologic examination of urine and bladder washings is a simple method for the detection of primary bladder cancer in symptomatic patients or in patients with hematuria. This method is…

Development of the new antiasthmatic drugs is directed above all in the synthesis of theinhibitors of the proinflammatory cytokines and IgE antibodies. Several biologic drugs are tested for this purpose;…

BACKGROUND. Infant tactile stimulation reduces distress behaviours, improves pulmonary function, weight gain per day, bone mineralization, developmentally appropriate functioning, enhances sleep organization and early attachment between infant and parents. We…