Cerebral palsy is a group of movement and posture disorders sometimes associated with other neurological deficits. It represents a significant decrease in the patients’ quality of life and a substantial…

The pulmonary valve separates the right ventricle outflow tract from the pulmonary artery and prevents deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary artery to return into the right ventricle. The pulmonary valve…

The autonomic nervous system plays an important role in various pathological situations such as myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure or diabetic neuropathy and is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of…

Tests of functional and structural properties of arteries are becoming clinically more and more relevant. Numerous non-invasive methods for assessing endothelial function and arterial stiffness have been developed, many of…

Cancer patients today live longer and have a better quality of life. This is mainly due to a multidisciplinary approach in cancer diagnostics. A close collaboration between pathologists, who perform…

Cannabis has a long history of consumption both for recreational and medicinal uses. After the discovery of endogenous cannabinoid system and cloning of cannabinoid receptors during the last decade of…

BACKGROUNDS. Proximal femur reconstruction after removal of bone tissue due to various causes presents a major challenge for orthopaedic surgeons. One of the possible solutions is the Kent Hip endoprosthesis,…

IgA nephropathy is the most common primary glomerulonephritis in adults and a common cause of end-stage renal failure. The understanding of the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy has evolved importantly in…

Acute intermittent porphyria is a rare inherited disease that is caused by the deficiency of one of the enzymes in the heme synthesis chain. Together with the accelerated metabolism of…

Regular intensive physical exertion results in physiological cardiac adaptations named athlete's heart. Adaptations are functional and structural and depend on intensity and type of exercise, age, sex, body surface area,…

Parkinson's disease is traditionally regarded as a movement disorder caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal system. However, we are becoming more and more aware that pathology…

Cerebral venous thrombosis is a rare but serious neurologic disorder manifested clinically with headache, focal neurological deficits, seizures, impairment of consciousness and papilledema. Causes and predisposing factors include local conditions…

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome is a congenital heart defect where only right ventricle remains functionally unimpaired. Soon after birth, the newborns become severely ill with cardiorespiratory collapse which is followed…

Modern medicine considers somatic illness and health as two parts of a biopsychosocial whole, while the systemic paradigm also includes the family context of the somatic illness and health. Attachment…

The interpretation of the electroencephalographic signal is often limited to the assumption  that the electrode placed directly above the source of the signal detects the largest potential, whereas more distant…

Tissue engineering as a relatively new field of regenerative medicine has already gone through early developmental stages in a way that it already gives some clinical results. In essence, tissue…

BACKGROUNDS. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and breast cancer are common diseases in the developed world which share certain risk factors. There are several possible pathophysiological mechanisms which could explain…

Sports­ competitions ­and ­massive ­recreational­ events­ are ­among ­the ­events ­at increased risk­ for ­injuries,­ sudden ­cardiovascular­ complications ­and ­other ­diseases associated ­with intense ­physical­ activity. ­Therefore, ­good ­organization ­of…

Physical activity has a positive influence on many aspects of our general health. A healthy attitude towards physical activity develops before the age of twelve. An active lifestyle during childhood…

The aim of this article is to present some characteristics of the competitive youth sport and to point out some negative aspects that represent possible health hazards to children and…

The basic physiological purpose of sports clinical nutrition is to provide the energy in the form of metabolic fuels (nutrients) in the right quantity and at the right time for…

Overhead athletes typically experience anatomical and biomechanical adaptive changes in the dominant shoulders. Adaptations are divided in three main groups: changes in glenohumeral rotator range of motion, malposition and dyskinesis…

Regular intensive physical exertion results in physiological functional and structural adaptations termed athlete's heart. Physiological remodelling may occasionally overlap with pathological changes of subtle or early cardiomyopathy (especially hypertrophic, dilatative…

Exercise-induced ­bronchoconstriction­ is­ defined­ as­ reversible­ narrowing­ of­ distal­ airways that­ follows­ vigorous exercise­ in­ the­ presence­ or­ absence­ of­ clinically­ recognised­ asthma.­ The­ prevalence­ in­ general­ population­ is­ 7–20%,…