Topography, contents and some clinical problems of the popliteal fossa are presented. The popliteal fossa is a rhomboid-shaped intermuscular space situated at the back of the knee. It contains the popliteal…

The intermediate mesoderm gives rise to the kidney. Three pairs of kidney make an appear­ance in succession during development: pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros or permanent kidneys. Permanent kidneys develop from…

With each somatic cell division, the chromosomal ends, or telomeres, progressively short­en. Critically shortened telomeres are recognised by DNA repair systems as DNA damage, the cells are withdrawn from the…

Inherited trombophilia, state that predisposes individuals to venous thrombosis may be due to deficiency of antithrombin III, deficiency of protein C or protein S, or resistance to acti­vated protein C.…

Ninety-nine consecutive patients (42 M, 57 W) with objectively confirmed deep vein throm­bosis (DVT) were included. They were 60 ± 10 years old. Fourty-seven were older than 65 years. In…

Myoclonic jerks may be a benign condition if occurring in otherwise healthy newborns as they fall asleep. The authors discuss the pathophysiology and clinical picture of myoclonus in newborns and infants. They…

Studying the biomechanics of the knee is a demanding task because of the complexity of the knee joint motion. Many methods have been described in the literature, yet most of them do not consider…

The aetiology and pathogenesis of the inflammatory and fibrotic bile duct lesions characteristic of primary sclerosing cholangitis is unknown, but several lines evidence support connection that genetic and immunologic factors are involved. Disease…

Erythromelalgia is a rare syndrome characterised by attacks of severe burning pain, erythema, and warmth of the extremities-primarily the feet and, to a lesser extend, the hands. The distress is induced…

In the breast biopsy analysis we are frequently encounter with normal histological pictures of the breast tissue. Breast tissue has wide spectrum of »normal histology« in relation to phase of menstrual cycle and…

If the proximal nerve stump is not available after a peripheral nerve injury, end-to-side anastomosis of its distal stump remains the only treatment modality promising potential recovery of the injured nerve's function. Sensory return…

Exercise training is the most important part of the cardiac rehabilitation in patients after myocardial infarction (MI). Despite the well proved benefits of cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training, only limited data are available…

We present a patient suffering from focal epilepsy manifested by frequent epileptic 
attacks resistant to anticonvulsant drugs since early childhood. Because of unsuccessful drug 
treatment, high seizure frequency and positive…

Differential diagnosis of asthma in infants and toddlers is not easy to establish. The paper
 presents a girl with asthma who aspirated a foreign body, which was misinterpreted as deterioration
…

The paper gives a historical review of
 the discovery and further studies of Helicobacter pylori. This bacteria causes chronic antral
gastritis, as well as duodenal and gastric ulcer 
disease found in…

The development of echocardiography and Doppler-echocardiography has provided a major advance in the noninvasive assessment of tricuspid valve disease. Echocardiography is the most sensitive and specific 
method for evaluation of…

Painful heel in younger patients, especially sportsmen, is commonly due to local reasons. A good knowledge of regional anatomy and
biomechanics of the foot and ankle is a prerequisite for correct…

The authors describe various anatomic and physiological changes occurring during 
pregnancy, which should be considered when
making diagnosis and planning proper treatment of acute abdomen in pregnant women. After surveying acute…

Asthma is the commonest chronic
 illness and one of the most dangerous diseases 
in childhood. Paradoxically, it is often recognized late, and the treatment is frequently incorrect or inadequate. The…

By using the voltage-clamp method we 
can record the end-plate current which reflects
 changes in the conductance of the subsynaptic
membrane during neuromuscular transmission. The classic (plain) voltage-clamp method shows 
some…

The paper presents the voltage-clamp
 method used for measuring electrical current
 passing the cell membrane and for calculating 
its conductance. The basic principles of this 
technique are described, as well…

Isolated perfused Langendorff rat 
hearts were used for comparing effects of the
 calcium antagonist verapamil on the following 
two models of heart injury: local ischemia (ligature of the anterior interventricular…

We studied 30 patients with stroke within the first 21 days of the onset of the symptoms by determining their plasma adrenaline and noradrenalin levels, their neurological status and the…

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory respiratory disease. Anti-inflammatory therapy with inhaled glucocorticosteroids is considered the most effective long-term therapy for moderate and severe forms of chronic asthma. Side-effects constitute the only limitation…